Age: 1 yr
Size: 18-24"
Height at maturity: Typically reaches 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 meters) as a multi-stemmed shrub, though it can grow up to 20 feet (6 meters) under optimal conditions. It spreads vigorously via suckers to form dense colonies.
Diameter: Individual stems are slender with minimal trunk diameter, often less than 4–6 inches (10–15 cm). As a multi-stemmed colony, the overall spread can be 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 meters) wide or more.
Crown shape: Develops a loose, open habit with arching, spreading branches that create an irregular, rounded form. Young plants are denser, while mature specimens open up with a broad, suckering growth pattern.
Benefits: Produces clusters of edible, dark purple-black berries (ripening in late summer) that are enjoyed by humans (for jams, jellies, pies, and wine after cooking) and wildlife, including birds (e.g., robins, finches, orioles) and mammals. Offers four-season interest: fragrant white flowers in flat clusters (June–July) that attract pollinators like bees and butterflies, bright green compound foliage in summer, and occasional yellow-red fall color. Supports erosion control in moist areas due to its fibrous roots and suckering habit. Tolerates wet conditions, pollution, and a range of light exposures. Low maintenance but benefits from pruning to remove older stems and manage spread; generally resistant to pests and diseases.
Best soil type: Prefers moist, well-drained, fertile loamy soils that are slightly acidic (pH 5.5–6.5). Thrives in rich, humusy conditions with consistent moisture but adapts to a wide range, including wet, clay, sandy, or even dry soils. Performs best in full sun to partial shade.