Age: 2 yr
Size: 6-12"
Height at maturity: Typically reaches 40–60 feet (12–18 meters) as a medium to large tree, occasionally up to 100 feet (30 meters) in optimal conditions. Can be maintained as a smaller specimen in managed landscapes.
Diameter: The trunk of a mature tree can reach 1–2 feet (30–60 cm) in diameter. The canopy spread is typically 10–20 feet (3–6 meters) wide, depending on growing conditions.
Crown shape: Develops a dense, conical to narrowly pyramidal crown with short, stiff needles and horizontal to slightly drooping branches. Young trees are symmetrical and spire-like, while mature trees maintain a conical shape with a slightly broader base.
Benefits: Produces small, cylindrical cones that provide food for wildlife, including birds (e.g., crossbills, chickadees) and small mammals like squirrels. Offers year-round evergreen beauty, making it ideal for windbreaks, privacy screens, or ornamental landscaping. Its wood is used for pulp, paper, and construction. Provides dense cover for wildlife and supports forest ecosystems. Tolerates cold climates and poor soils, but may be susceptible to pests like spruce budworm or diseases like needle cast. Relatively low maintenance and widely used as a Christmas tree due to its attractive shape and needle retention.
Best soil type: Prefers moist, well-drained, slightly acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5). Thrives in loamy or sandy soils with moderate fertility. Tolerates clay or rocky soils and adapts to wetter conditions, but requires good drainage to prevent root issues. Performs best in full sun to partial shade.