Age: 2 yr
Size: 6-12"
Height at maturity: Typically reaches 40–60 feet (12–18 meters) as a medium-sized tree, occasionally up to 80 feet (24 meters) in optimal conditions. Can be maintained as a smaller specimen in managed landscapes.
Diameter: The trunk of a mature tree can reach 1–2 feet (30–60 cm) in diameter. The canopy spread is typically 20–35 feet (6–10.7 meters) wide, depending on growing conditions.
Crown shape: Develops a narrow, conical, or pyramidal crown with dense, horizontal branching that extends nearly to the ground in open settings. Young trees are symmetrical and spire-like, while mature trees maintain a tapered, conical form.
Benefits: Valued for its aromatic, soft needles and resinous fragrance, often used as a Christmas tree or for wreaths and garlands. Produces small, upright cones that provide food for wildlife, including birds (e.g., crossbills) and small mammals. Offers year-round evergreen beauty and dense cover for birds and mammals. Supports forest ecosystems and can be used for windbreaks or privacy screens. Tolerates cold climates and is relatively low maintenance, though it may be susceptible to pests like balsam woolly adelgid or diseases like root rot in poorly drained soils. Its wood is used for pulp, paper, and light construction.
Best soil type: Prefers cool, moist, well-drained, acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.0). Thrives in loamy or sandy soils rich in organic matter. Tolerates wetter soils but requires good drainage to prevent root issues. Performs best in full sun to partial shade, with consistent moisture for optimal growth.