Age: 1 yr
Size: 18-24"
Height at maturity: Typically reaches 50–70 feet (15–21 meters) as a medium to large tree, occasionally up to 100 feet (30 meters) in optimal conditions. Can also grow as a multi-stemmed tree or large shrub in certain environments.
Diameter: The trunk of a mature tree can reach 1–2 feet (30–60 cm) in diameter. The canopy spread is typically 25–40 feet (7.6–12 meters) wide, depending on growing conditions.
Crown shape: Develops an open, irregularly rounded to oval crown with slender, drooping branches. Young trees have a more pyramidal shape, maturing to a broader, loosely spreading form with distinctive peeling bark.
Benefits: Known for its striking white, peeling bark that adds year-round visual interest, especially in winter. Produces catkins that provide food for wildlife, including birds (e.g., finches, chickadees) and small mammals. Offers vibrant yellow fall foliage. Supports forest ecosystems and is used for ornamental landscaping, shade, or reforestation. Its wood is valued for pulp, firewood, and crafting (e.g., canoes, furniture). Tolerates cold climates and poor soils but is sensitive to drought, heat, or urban pollution. Relatively low maintenance but may be susceptible to pests like bronze birch borer or diseases like birch leaf spot.
Best soil type: Prefers moist, well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 5.0–7.0). Thrives in loamy or sandy soils with moderate fertility. Tolerates rocky or clay soils but requires good drainage and consistent moisture for optimal growth. Performs best in full sun to partial shade.