Age: 1 yr
Size: 18-24"
Height at maturity: Typically reaches 6–10 feet (1.8–3 meters) as a multi-stemmed shrub, occasionally up to 12 feet (3.7 meters) in optimal conditions. Forms dense clumps through suckering.
Diameter: Individual stems are slender, with diameters less than 2–3 inches (5–7.5 cm). The overall spread can be 4–8 feet (1.2–2.4 meters) wide, depending on growing conditions and suckering.
Crown shape: Develops an upright to rounded, dense crown with slender, arching branches. Young plants are more compact, while mature shrubs spread to form a broad, mounded shape with a layered appearance.
Benefits: Produces clusters of bright red berries (ripening in late summer to fall) that persist into winter, edible for humans (used in juices, jams, or smoothies, though tart) and highly attractive to wildlife, especially birds (e.g., cedar waxwings, robins). Offers multi-season interest with glossy white flowers (April–May) that attract pollinators like bees, lustrous green foliage in summer, and brilliant red to scarlet fall color. Supports erosion control due to its fibrous, suckering root system. Tolerates wet soils, drought, and urban conditions, making it ideal for rain gardens, hedges, or naturalized areas. Low maintenance and generally resistant to pests and diseases.
Best soil type: Prefers moist, well-drained, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 5.0–7.0). Thrives in loamy or sandy soils but adapts to clay, wet, or boggy soils. Tolerates a range of moisture levels and performs well in full sun to partial shade, with full sun enhancing berry production and fall color.